What You Need to Know About ‘Sloth Fever’ After 21 Cases Confirmed Among U.S. Travelers

Introduction

In recent months, U.S. health authorities have confirmed 21 cases of a mysterious illness dubbed “sloth fever” among travelers returning from Central and South America. This emerging condition, linked to close contact with sloths, has raised concerns among travelers, healthcare providers, and public health officials. Here’s what you need to know about sloth fever, its symptoms, risks, and prevention measures.

What is Sloth Fever?

Sloth fever is an informal term coined to describe a zoonotic illness transmitted from sloths to humans. The exact pathogen causing the illness remains under investigation, but initial findings suggest it may be related to a bacterial or parasitic infection carried by sloths. The disease appears to be rare but can cause significant symptoms in those affected.

How Do People Contract Sloth Fever?

The primary mode of transmission is believed to be direct or close contact with sloths. Travelers who have touched or handled sloths, especially in wildlife sanctuaries or through informal wildlife encounters, are at the highest risk. The pathogen may be transmitted through sloth saliva, fur, or even via scratches or bites. In some cases, indirect contact, such as touching surfaces contaminated by sloth bodily fluids, may also pose a risk.

Symptoms of Sloth Fever

Symptoms of sloth fever typically appear within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. The most commonly reported symptoms include:

• Fever: A persistent high fever is often one of the first signs.
• Chills and Sweating: Patients may experience episodes of chills followed by sweating.
• Headache and Muscle Aches: These are common and can be severe.
• Fatigue: Profound fatigue is often reported, with some patients unable to perform daily activities.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms may accompany the fever.
• Skin Rash: In some cases, a rash resembling mosquito bites or hives appears.

In severe cases, sloth fever may lead to more serious complications, including respiratory distress, neurological symptoms, or organ involvement. However, most cases have been mild to moderate, with full recovery after treatment.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing sloth fever can be challenging due to its nonspecific symptoms, which resemble other tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue, or typhoid fever. Healthcare providers may ask about recent travel history and any interactions with wildlife to aid in diagnosis. Laboratory tests, including blood tests and cultures, may be used to identify the causative pathogen.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antiparasitic medications, depending on the identified pathogen. Supportive care, such as hydration and fever management, is also important. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications.

Preventing Sloth Fever

Travelers can reduce their risk of contracting sloth fever by taking several precautions:

1. Avoid Direct Contact with Sloths: While sloths may appear docile and friendly, it’s important to avoid touching or handling them, especially in the wild or in non-regulated environments.
2. Choose Reputable Wildlife Sanctuaries: If you wish to visit a sanctuary, choose one that follows strict guidelines for human-animal interactions and prioritizes animal welfare.
3. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after any potential exposure to animals or their environments.
4. Use Protective Clothing: Wearing long sleeves, pants, and gloves can minimize direct contact with sloths and other wildlife.
5. Report Symptoms Early: If you develop symptoms after returning from a trip where you had contact with sloths, seek medical attention promptly and inform your healthcare provider about your travel history.

Conclusion

Sloth fever is an emerging zoonotic disease that poses a risk to travelers who engage in close interactions with sloths. While the condition is still under study, awareness and preventive measures can significantly reduce the likelihood of contracting the illness. If you’re planning to travel to areas where sloths are found, stay informed and take precautions to protect your health.